Bike biography

Try the literature selection service. You can always turn off the advertisement. Sokolov Biography in history: Problems and prospects Biography belongs to the number of the oldest genres of Iceracles. The comparative biographies of famous Greeks and Romans are still popular, and the question of a person’s place in history is unlikely to ever lose his acuteness.

Meanwhile, in the world historical thought of the 20th century, the biography genre was sharply criticized, especially from the representatives of the Annals school, who made a lot to debunk traditional narrative and mainly political history. According to one of the representatives of the new generation of this school, J. Le Goff, “in the middle of the 20th century, the historical biography ceased to exist as a result of criticism before biography faced a number of ambiguous problems that deserve a separate consideration.

Of course, it is quite difficult to cover the whole range of problems in one article, so the author focused only on the most significant. The first problem concerns the role of “psychologism” in biographical research of historians. On the one hand, biographies make complaints about “inappropriate psychologism”, as a result of which the researcher is trying to get used to the psychology of the person being depicted.

In fact, these attempts discover the substitution of the logic of thinking and behavior of the historical character by the logic of a modern researcher2. However, the historian is a child of his time, and his work cannot but bear the imprint of the era. The vision of the past is both recent and most distant, ultimately determined by the historical-1 Le Goff J.

Louis IX saint. St. Petersburg, June 4 - 5, the prospect changes, the “reference point” shifts, and history acquires a different appearance, receives a new assessment. This rethinking to one degree or another affects the entire historical process3. On the other hand, the deterministic models, striving to explain the activity of a person in history based on the circumstances external to him, turned out to be heuristicly exhausted4.

Obviously, an understanding of the mechanism of behavior of people in the past is impossible without studying the human psyche. It is important that the vision of the unconscious characteristic of today's situation does not mean oblivion of the mind. The main thing is the ratio of the unconscious and conscious5. Moreover, the concept of the unconscious is not strictly defined, and it is hardly possible and necessary this definition.

It seems that the solution to this problem may be to improve the criticism of the source and attract new research methods. The next problem concerns the “linear nature” of biographical research. On the one hand, the linear nature of biographical studies is criticized, in which events are described in order, from the early to later. However, the “inexorable” and “obvious” logic of the course of history is simply imposed on the material as part of the creative process6.

Historians imagine that heroes follow a certain timeless and strictly defined model of rationality. Submitting to the established tradition of the biographical genre, they are limited to such models that are associated with ordered chronology and an integral person who has not been inertia, and decisions are made without a doubt7. Tomsk, the secret life of Stalin: Based on the materials of his library and archive: to the historiosophy of Stalinism.

On the other hand, the existence of a traditional linear biography for hundreds of years proves its scientific viability. Any scientific theory, that is, a theory based on the analysis and generalization of historical reality, and not on a priori constructions and fragmentary facts, contains one or another rational grain and thereby makes a certain contribution to the development of socio-scientific thought8.

It seems that the opposition of the “linear” method of writing a historical biography and new modern methods is somewhat inappropriate. There is no doubt that the development of new methods of biographical historical science that eliminate the deficiencies of a linear biography is necessary. But this process of improving the methodology is quite natural. And in it the “linear” biography is reserved for its place.

Firstly, it creates a comparative base for new methods of the biographical genre and very often allows you to identify the logic of certain events. Secondly, the new methods of the biographical genre require, of course, corresponding to the justification of the methodological foundations, which in time is quite long. And the traditional “linear” biography in this case can serve as a transitional link.

With all this, it is necessary to take into account that none of the theories, no method can claim universality and absolutability, when it comes to studying human life. The third and last raised in this article, but not final in biographics, is the problem of the “ratio of individual and social” in research. On the one hand, in historiography there is excessive attention to specific events and historical characters9.Moreover,, as a rule, a representative of the elite or hero acts as the main character.

But the concept of “elite” from French “best, selected” includes the idea of ​​the low -grade of the rest of the society, which is anti -human. Initially, people are not- 8 Kovalchenko I. The ratio of categories “man”, “history”, “culture” in studies A. Chelyabinsk, on the other hand, historians in their research dissolved people in the faceless abyss of socio-economic and political processes.

It was this extremes that Russian scientists were subject to for a long time, which was the result of which was the reduction of biographies to a secondary level in historical literature. A similar attitude towards this genre is traced throughout the history of Russia, when a person, his spiritual value was belittled. The self -worth of human life in Russia inexorably reduced the objective factors - the consequences of the historical backwardness of the country, the drain nature of the Russian state and its huge size of the same individualistic personality originated among the nobility in the 17th century, gained strength very slowly, since neither the state nor society encouraged the development of individualism.

Russian classical literature negatively evaluated individualism and positively - all forms of collectivism and collegiality, because of which the main acting person among Russian writers most often performed a small man, and not a genius and a hero in Soviet historiography, a socio -class, in other words, a party approach was considered the leading. Based on the fact that the individual is always connected with the social, it was considered indispensable and the main thing to reduce everything individual to the social.

At the same time, socio-economic contradictions seemed decisive, and the class struggle was seen as the leading driving force of historical development. As a result, the study of the individual was impoverished, and its role in social development was underestimated, moreover, the numerous prohibitions of the Soviet era turned into the currently huge “Bely- 10 Petrovskaya I. Biography: introduction into science and viewing.

Statesmen of the Russian Empire. As a result, as already noted, in the middle of the 20th century, crisis phenomena were outlined in the biography genre. The changes have been indicated after several decades. The biographical genre gained a new life in the framework of the microhistory that arose in the years in Italy, in which not just “unknown” people were awarded biographies, but people are completely unknown.

Moreover, their fate became for historians a research frame, a means of studying large historical phenomena and processes, and the evolution of folk culture. The growth of attention of researchers to the individual fate of both famous and quite ordinary people who have been outlined in the last decade, did not go unnoticed: they even spoke about the folding of a new personal story did not stand aloof from this turn to the biography and the current leaders of the school of the Annals, which was evidenced by the release of the fundamental work of Jacques Le Goff “Louis Saint”, except for the study, except for the study, except for the study, except for the study.

Traditional, are proposed in the latest biographical history? The Italian scientist Giovanni Levy identifies such a typology of biographical research. Pro -PROGOSHING AND MODAL BIOGRAPHIC AT THIS Act of View individual biographies are of interest only insofar as they illustrate the behaviors or external manifestations inherent in the most numerous social groups. Thus, we are not talking about creating a reliable biography, but rather about the use of biographical data for pro -postographic purposes.

In this case, the elements of the biography of an individual are evaluated as historically important, only if they have more general significance. A special personality style is always just a certain deviation from the general style inherent in an era or class. The infinite number of possible combinations, starting with personal experience, common to most people belonging to one 15 Shilov D.

and therefore any manifestations of originality or originality are considered as something structurally and statistically inherent in the studied group.

A modal biography is a biography of an individual who serves only as an illustration of typical forms of behavior or social status. It has a lot in common with the pro-grad. In fact, such a biography describes not a unique person, but an individual who has incorporated the most characteristic features of his group. Biography and context in this approach, the biography retains its specifics.

Nevertheless, the era, the environment, the environment of the hero are considered factors that can characterize the atmosphere, which explains the originality of human destinies. But the problem of reconstruction of the context is solved in two different ways. In one case, the reconstruction of the historical and social context, in which events unfold, allows us to understand what, at first glance, seems inexplicable and confusing.

It is not about reducing a person’s actions to certain behavioral models, but about entering the unexpected turns of his fate into such a context that will give them the nature of the possibility and, therefore, the nature of the norm. In another case, the context serves to replenish the gaps in the sources by comparing the hero being studied with other characters, whose life allows us to conduct certain analogies.

A similar use of a biography rests on an implicit hypothesis that could be formulated as follows: no matter how obvious the uniqueness of human life is obvious, it cannot be understood only through deviations and features. On the contrary, each explicit deviation with the norm should be compared and this difference is in a historical context. Biography and borderline cases are used to shed light on context.

In such cases, the context is considered not in static integrity and fullness, but through the prism of extreme situations. Describing a glass- 19 in the same place. Biography and hermeneutics are talking about dialogue, communication between an individual and society. In studies of this kind, biographical material became, in fact, discursive, but the authors failed to reveal the true nature of the dialogue, to catch the whole set of meanings that he is able to carry.

The dialogue could only get this or that interpretation. The interpretation in itself has become significant, that is, the process of transforming biographical action into the text, the process of giving it a certain - one of many possible - meaning. The methods of Eric G. Erickson, based on psychoanalysis, deserve attention.