Grade 10 Dostoevsky biography

Dostoevsky Fedor Dostoevsky had a tremendous influence on world culture, and some consider it the ancestor of the whole philosophical course of the 20th century - existentialism. Childhood and youth on October 30 on November 11 in the Moscow Mariinsky Hospital for the poor at the doctor Mikhail Andreyevich Dostoevsky and his wife Maria Fedorovna, the son of Fyodor was born. The boy’s father was a deeply religious person, studied at the Theological Seminary, and then entered the Moscow branch of the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy and became a doctor.

In the year, he helped the wounded, after the victory over Napoleon, served in a military hospital, and after marriage he went to work in the Mariinsky hospital. In the year, Mikhail Andreevich rose to the rank of college assessor and received a hereditary nobility. Seven children in a respectable and pious family of the future novelist grew up in an atmosphere of patriarchate, but full of love and care.

Contrary to the then customs, they never beat children and did not punish at all, although their father was a quick -tempered and angry person. From an early age, the Dostoevsky family instilled in their children a love of Russian literature and culture. The nanny told the kids wonderful fairy tales, the mother taught literacy on the Holy Scriptures, the father in the evenings read aloud the works of Pushkin, Derzhavin, Karamzin.

The childhood of Fyodor Dostoevsky passed in Moscow, as well as in the Darovoye estate - a notorious estate near Kashira, which the family was able to acquire by entering the noble estate. Until the summer, Fedor, like his brothers, studied at home. Coming teachers were engaged in Russian and French older children, literature, mathematics, and Latin taught them by the father.

In the year, Fedor and his elder brother Mikhail entered the boarding house Leonty Chermak, an expensive educational institution for the children of the nobles. Brilliant teachers worked there, the situation was strict, but at the same time family: the owner of the boarding house communicated a lot with the pupils, paid attention to everyone, followed their mental and physical state.

A great influence on the young Fedor of Dostoevsky was exerted by a teacher of the Russian language, a wonderful teacher N. thanks to him Dostoevsky first began to think about his writing calling. In general, the childhood and youth of Fyodor Dostoevsky passed more in the world of books and fiction than in severe reality: he excitedly read poetry and novels, was full of dreams and exalted aspirations.

In the year, after a serious illness, Dostoevsky’s mother died. The father did not become two years later - he died in Darov under not quite clear circumstances, or from an apoplexy blow, or from the hands of his own peasants. After the death of the mother, the brothers Mikhail and Fedor went to the capital to prepare for admission to the engineering school.

They studied for a year in the preparatory boarding house K. Fedor in the year at the school, but Michael - no, and the brothers had to part. Their living correspondence of that time has been preserved, from which it is clear that both were not at all inspired by mathematics and engineering sciences, but dreamed exclusively by literature. Nevertheless, Fyodor graduated from the school in the year and even entered the metropolitan engineering team, but soon abandoned military service and decided to devote himself entirely to Russian literature.

The beginning of writing, youth literary experiments that Fedor Dostoevsky wrote to his brother were not preserved, but it is clear that Dostoevsky began to write the first works during his studies at an engineering school. After resignation, Dostoevsky was engaged in translations, and in the year he completed his first novel “Poor People”, who received success with the public.

Dostoevsky joined the mug of V. Belinsky, gradually distinguished by literary acquaintances. However, all Belinsky's associates, and the famous critic himself, failed to appreciate the second work of the novice writer - the story “Double”. Dostoevsky quarreled with Belinsky, and with Nekrasov, and Turgenev and left the company of the editorial office of “Contemporary”.

Since the year, he was published in “domestic notes” and continued to expand the circle of his literary ties-he met I. Goncharov, joined the literary and philosophical mug of the Beketovs and Maykov. Arrest and link in the middle of the X. In the year, he met M. Petrashevsky, uniting revolutionary youth around him. In the Society of Petrashevtsev, disgraced texts were distributed and the ideas of the coup was discussed.

In the year, the activities of the circle were disclosed, its participants were arrested, including Fyodor Dostoevsky, recognized as one of the most dangerous criminals. Like other Petrashevites, he spent 8 months in a single chamber of the Peter and Paul Fortress, and then withstood the death penalty procedure, which was canceled at the last moment. After the painful expectation of death, they were informed of the pardon and replacement of execution with hard labor.

Emperor Nicholas I sentenced Dostoevsky a punishment in the form of four years of hard labor. The writer spent the years of Siberian exile in Omsk, where, despite the prohibitions, secretly kept a diary, known later as the Siberian notebook.The writer’s hard labor subsequently laid the basis of “Notes from the Dead House”. After four years in the Siberian prison, Dostoevsky went to the service in Semipalatinsk.

Only after the death of Emperor Nicholas I, the writer, like the other Petrashevites, was pardoned by Alexander II, but could only return to Petersburg in the year. In the same year, his works appeared in the press - the story “Dyadyushkin Dream” and “The village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants”. The unspoken police supervision lasted up to a year. The arrest and years carried out in exile turned the consciousness of Dostoevsky.

From Siberia, Fedor Mikhailovich returned to a deeply believing person, for whom until the end of his life the search for the ideals of Christianity and approaching the covenants of Jesus Christ will be important. The flowering of creativity since the year Fedor Mikhailovich, together with his elder brother Mikhail, published literary magazines: first “Time”, then “Age”.

On their pages, of course, the writer's works appeared: “humiliated and insulted”, “bad joke”, “Notes from the underground”, etc. Published in - GG. The theme of the situation of hard labor has become a revelation for Russian readers. In and gg. After the next ruin loss, he finally got rid of the gambling. The impressions of this period, like many other facts of Dostoevsky’s biography, were reflected in his work - in the plot of the novel “Player”.

Fedor Mikhailovich visited Germany, France, England, Switzerland, Italy and Austria, however, unlike many of his compatriots, did not fall in love with Europe and did not accept the liberal-bourgeois values ​​and ideas that were common in the West. In e gg. In the year, the elder brother of the writer and his publisher Mikhail Mikhailovich died, and all the debts of the magazine fell on Fyodor Mikhailovich’s shoulders.

A year later, the “era” had to be closed, and the writer, who was in need of money, agreed to the bonded conditions of the publishers and was forced to write a lot and quickly. In the conditions of the brutal lack of time, under the pain of poverty, he created the novels “Crime and Punishment” and “Player” - the last writer dictated for a record 26 days. Dostoevsky would not have coped with such a task alone: ​​he was helped by one of the best stenographists of the capital Anna Grigoryevna Snitkin, who later became the wife of the writer.

In the year, Dostoevsky fled abroad from creditors and lived in Switzerland, Italy and Germany for some time. There he worked on novels such as “Idiot” and “Demons”. The writer was able to return to his homeland only in the year. Dostoevsky and journalistic activities did not leave. In the x In the year, Dostoevsky made his famous speech about Pushkin, dedicated to the opening of the monument in Moscow.

This speech, in which Dostoevsky turned not only to the figure of the great poet, but also to socio-political discussions, caused admiration for contemporaries, acted conciliatoryly at ideological opponents-Westerners and Slavophiles. With the pronunciation, and later the publication of this speech, the glory of Dostoevsky reached the climax. A little more than six months remained before the writer's death.

The importance of Dostoevsky’s work of Dostoevsky became innovative not only for the Russian, but also for the All -European Romanic genre. Already in the earliest texts - such as “poor people” - the author destroyed the canons adopted in that era, turned to a conversational syllable and ordinary plots, in which he revealed deep philosophical and humanistic truths. In the novels of the so-called “great Pentateuch” “crime and punishment”, “idiot”, “demons”, “teenager”, “brothers Karamazov”, the most important works of Fedor Dostoevsky, the author fully revealed both his special manner of narration and a new type of novel plot, as well as a certain socio-political, moral and religious ideology.

Each hero of Dostoevsky has his own idea, his own special voice. The polyphony of these ideas, the importance of each of them is a distinctive feature of Dostoevsky’s novels, which allowed the researcher of his work the literary critic M. Bakhtin call them, by analogy with musical art, "polyphonic." They do not have the only true “author’s position”, they are built in search of truth in a dialogue.

For the then literature, it was a breakthrough, every novel of Dostoevsky became an aesthetic event. The journalistic statements of Dostoevsky became no less event. His monthly philosophical and journalistic journal “Writer Diary”, published for several years, turned out to be the first experience of such a genre and format among public statements in Russian journalism.

Dostoevsky’s works, his special artistic manner, complex psychologism influenced the world literary and philosophical thought and continue to influence it so far: Dostoevsky invariably remains one of the most read authors in Russia and abroad. They met in Semipalatinsk, where Dostoevsky served after the hardware departure, and got married in the year.

In the Union, which did not become happy, Dostoevsky did not have children, but he carefully cared about Pasynka Paul, the child of Mary from his first marriage.

Maria Dmitrievna died in the year. The second wife of the writer was Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina, who helped him to stenograph manuscripts. With her, Dostoevsky married in the year. Despite the summer age, Anna Grigoryevna firmly took her husband’s economy and finances, helped him get out of the debt pit, and after the death of Dostoevsky collected documents, manuscripts, letters of the famous novelist, prepared them for publication.

From marriage with Anna Grigoryevna, four children were born in Dostoevsky, two of whom died at an early age. Until the mature years, the daughter Lyubov Fyodorovna survived, like the father, who devoted life to literary work, and the son of Fedor Fedorovich. The descendants of the latter live in St. Petersburg. The death of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky suffered from epilepsy, the first attack of which happened to him, probably as early as adolescence, and the disease received medical confirmation during the years of imprisonment and hard labor.

The seizures of the Paduch, as epilepsy, was pursued by the writer throughout his life and even reflected in literary creativity - Prince Myshkin suffered the same disease. However, the cause of the death of the writer was not epilepsy, but tuberculosis, complicated by chronic bronchitis and lung emphysema. Dostoevsky felt the deterioration of his condition on the eve of the coming of the year.

In January, as his relatives recalled, after a quarrel with his sister, because of the writer's property, the writer went with his throat, he brought down. Dostoevsky’s death occurred a couple of days later, on January 28, February 9. The funeral of the classic of literature has gathered a huge number of people, the line of those who wish to say goodbye to it stretched for a kilometer.

Bibliography of the works of Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky are not limited to novels and stories.