Boris Zhivago Biography

Biography Unknown Author, Option 2 Pasternak Boris Leonidovich - Biography Boris Leonidovich Pasternak; On January 29, February 10, Moscow, the Russian Empire - May 30, Peredelkino, Moscow Region, the USSR - Russian poet and writer, Nobel Laureate in Literature The Future Poet was born in Moscow in an intelligent Jewish family. Pasternak's parents, father - artist, academician of the St.

Petersburg Academy of Arts Leonid Osipovich Isaac Iosifovich Pasternak and mother - pianist Rosalia Isidorovna Pasternak, nee Kaufman, moved to Moscow from Odessa a year, a year before his birth. Boris was born in the house at the intersection of the arms of the arms and the Second Tverskaya-Yamskaya Street, where they settled. In addition to the eldest, Boris, Alexander - and Lydia - for about a year, Pasternak wore the middle name of the middle name Isaakovich in the family of Pasternaks.

The Pasternakov family supported friendship with famous artists I. Levitan, M. Nesterov, V. Polenov, S. Ivanov, N. Ge, there were musicians and writers in the house, including Leo Tolstoy. In the year, Rainer Rilke met Pasternakov's family during a second visit to Moscow. At the age of 13, under the influence of composer A. Skryabin, Pasternak was carried away by music, which he had been engaged in two years preserved two sonatas for piano.

In the year, when falling from a horse, he broke his leg and, due to improper fusion, the light lameness, which Pasternak hid, remained for life was released from military service. Subsequently, the poet paid special attention to this episode as the awakening his creative forces, he occurred on August 6, on the day of the transformation - cf. This episode will enter the books of Pasternak.

From a year in the fifth gymnasium two classes younger than Pasternak, Vladimir Mayakovsky studied in the same class with Pasternak Shura's brother. Pasternak graduated from a gymnasium with a gold medal and all the highest points, except for the Law of God, from which he was released.

After a series of hesitation, he abandoned his career as a professional musician and composer. In the year he entered the legal branch of the historical and philological faculty of Moscow University subsequently transferred to a philosophical one. In the summer of the year he studied philosophy at the University of Marburg in Germany near the head of the Marburg Neo -Kantian school of prof.

Herman Kogen. Then he made an offer to the Vysotsky daughter of a large tea -trader D. Vysotsky, but received a refusal, as described in the poem “Marburg”. In the year, together with parents and sisters, Venice visits, which was reflected in his verses of that time. He was connected with her by many years of friendship and correspondence. After a trip to Marburg, Pasternak refused to further concentrate on philosophical classes.

At the same time, he begins to enter the circles of Moscow writers. He participated in the meetings of the circle of the Symbolist publishing house Musaget, then in the literary and artistic circle of Julian Anisimov and Vera Stanevich, from which the short-lived post-milestry group of Lyrika grew. With Pasternak, he adjoined the Commonwealth of the Centrifuga futurists, which also included other former Liriki participants - Nikolai Aseev and Sergey Bobrov.

In the same year, he is closely acquainted with another futurist - Vladimir Mayakovsky, whose personality and work had a certain influence on him. Later, in E, Pasternak maintained ties with the LEF Mayakov group, but in general, after the revolution, he took an independent position, not entering any associations. The first poems of Pasternak were published in the year the collective collection of the Lyrics group, the first book - the twin in the clouds - at the end of the same year on the cover, was perceived by Pasternak himself as immature.

In half of the poems of the Gemini in the clouds and three poems from the collection of the Lyric group were united by Pasternak into the “Initial Time” cycle and some were very redeemed completely rewritten; The rest of the early experiments during the life of Pasternak were not reprinted. Nevertheless, it was after the “twin in the clouds” Pasternak began to realize himself as a professional writer.

In the year, the collection “On top of the barriers” was published. Pasternak spent the winter and spring of the year in the Urals, under the city of the Alexander Perm province, in the village of Vsevolodo-Vilva, having accepted the invitation to work in the office of the manager of the Vsevolod-Vilvensky chemical plants of the Zbarsky assistant for business correspondence and trade and financial statements.

It is widely believed that the prototype of the city of Yuryatin from Dr. Zhivago is the city of Perm. In the same year, the poet visited the Bereznikovsky Sodov factory on Kama. The parents of Pasternak and his sisters in the year leave Soviet Russia at the personal request of A. Lunacharsky and justify in Berlin. The active correspondence of Pasternak with them and Russian emigration circles in general, in particular, with Marina Tsvetaeva, begins, and through her - with R.

in the year Pasternak marries the artist Evgenia Lurie, with whom he was visiting his parents in Berlin for the second half of the year and all winter - 23 years.In the same year, the poet’s program book “My Sister is Life”, most poems of which were written in the summer of the year. The next year, on September 23, the son of Pasternakov is born in the family of Pasternaks.

In years, the collection “Topics and Variations”, a novel in the verses “Spectorsky”, the “High Disease” cycle, the poem “Nine hundred and fifth year” and “Lieutenant Schmidt” were also created. In the year, Pasternak turns to prose. By a year, he finishes the autobiographical notes “Protective Great”, which sets out his fundamental views on art and creativity.

At the end of the X - the beginning of the 10ths, a short period of the official Soviet recognition of Pasternak's work accounts for. He takes an active part in the activities of the Union of Writers of the USSR and in the year makes a speech at his first congress, at which N. Bukharin called for officially called Pasternak the best poet of the Soviet Union. Its large one -volumetor per year is reprinted annually.

Having met Zinaida Nikolaevna Neigauz in the girlishness of Yeremeyeva, - at that time the wife of the pianist G. Neigauz, together with her in the year, Pasternak takes a trip to Georgia, where he meets the poets of T. Tabidze, P. interrupted his first marriage, in the year Pasternak marries Z. in the same year his book “The Second Birth” - Pastern's attempt to join In the spirit of that time.

On the night of January 1, Pasternak and his second wife are born a son Leonid the future physicist, mind. In the year, Pasternak participates in the work of the International Congress of Writers in Paris in defense of the world, where his last trip abroad occurs with him. In January, Pasternak publishes two poems addressed with words of admiration for I. Stalin, however, by the middle of the year, the attitude of the authorities towards him is changing - he is reproached not only for “detachment from life”, but also in “worldview, which is not corresponding to the era,” and unconditionally require thematic and ideological restructuring.

This leads to the first prolonged strip of alienation of Pasternak from official literature. As the weakening interest in the Soviet regime, Pasternak’s poems acquire a more personal and tragic shade. In the year, Pasternak stood up for her husband and son Anna Akhmatova, released from prison after letters to Stalin Pasternak and Akhmatova. In the year, he shows great civilian courage - refuses to sign a letter with the approval of the execution of Tukhachevsky and others, defiantly visits the house of the repressed Pilnyak.

In settlement in the country in Peredelkino, where he will live with breaks until the end of his life. By the end of X, he turns to prose and translations, which in the X become the main source of his earnings. Helped money to many people, including the daughter of Marina Tsvetaeva - Ariadne Efron. In the year, Pasternak met O. Ivinskaya and she became the “muse” of the poet.

He devoted many poems to her. Until the death of Pasternak, they were connected by close relations. In the year, Pasternak had the first heart attack. The novel "Dr. Zhivago" was created for ten years, from for a year. Being, according to the writer himself, the peak of his work as a prose writer, the novel is a wide canvas of the life of the Russian intelligentsia against the backdrop of the dramatic period from the beginning of the century to the civil war.

The novel is permeated with high poetics, accompanied by the verses of the protagonist - Yuri Andreyevich Zhivago. During the writing of the novel, Pasternak has repeatedly changed its name. A novel that affects the innermost issues of human existence-the secrets of life and death, issues of history, Christianity, Jewry, was sharply negatively greeted by the authorities and the official Soviet literary environment, rejected to print due to the author’s ambiguous position to the October coup and subsequent changes in the country's life.

So, for example, E. Kasakevich, having read the novel, said: “It turns out, judging by the novel, the October Revolution is a misunderstanding and it was better not to do it”, K. Simonov, the editor -in -chief of the New World, also reacted with refusal: “You can’t give Pasternak’s rostrum! The publication of the novel in the West - first in Italy in the year of the promunistic publishing house of Feltrinelli, and then in the UK, with the mediation of the famous philosopher and diplomat Sir Isaiah Berlin, led to the real Herring of Pasternak in the Soviet press, excluding him from the Union of Writers of the USSR, frank insults from the pages of Soviet newspapers, and at the working of the workers.

Among the writers who demanded the expulsions were L. Oshanin, A. Bezimensky, B. Slutsky, S. Baruzdin, B. Field and many others, it should be noted that a negative attitude towards the novel was expressed by some Russian writers in the West, including Pasternak for years, the Nobel Prize in literature was announced annually. In the year, his candidacy was proposed last year's laureate Alber Camus, and Pasternak became the second writer from Russia after I.

Bunin, awarded this award. Awarding the award was perceived by Soviet propaganda as an occasion to strengthen the grass.He was awarded that he agreed to play the role of bait on a rusty hook of anti -Soviet propaganda ... The inglorious end awaits the risen Judas, Dr. Zhivago, and its author, whose destiny will be folk contempt. In the writer's environment, this fact was also accepted negatively.

Despite the fact that the award was awarded to Pasternak “for significant achievements in modern lyrical poetry, as well as for the continuation of the traditions of the great Russian epic novel”, the efforts of the official Soviet authorities, she had to be remembered for a long time as firmly connected with the “Doctor Zhivago” novel, the anti -Soviet essence of which was constantly revealed at that time agitators, literary critics, lecturers of society "Knowledge." Personal pressure was also exerted on Pasternak, which, ultimately, forced him to abandon the prize.