The biography of the peoples volumes

Try the literature selection service. You can always turn off the advertisement. The Opinion that Mikhail Grachevsky Attempted to Force Mitigation of the Prison Regime and Sacri Ced Himself for the Sake of His Fellow Genelally Accepted. Soon A Er HIS RST Arrest Grachevsky Joined the Narodniks, Led Propaganda Among the Workers, For Which He Was Arrested.

He was Sent Into Exile to Kholmogory Arkhangelsk Provincial and Escaped, The Joined the Revolutionary Organization Narodnaya Volya and the Member of Its EXECUTIVE Committee. Numerous Arrests of His Colleages in Put Him at the Forefront of the Organization. By the time of his arrest on 5 June Grachevsky Was One of the Most Experienced Revolutionaries, Who Participated in Several Terrorist Attacks, Worned in Underground Printers and Led Propaganda in Provinces.

Not Surpringly, Such Responsight, Dangerous Activity Had Exhauded His Nervous System. He Was Also Tormented by Guilt, BecAuse He Carelessly Led the Police to the Safe Apartment Where Mane Mambers of Narodnaya Volya Were Arrested. He took the Most Blame and Was Sentence to Life Imprisonment in the Trial of 17 Grachevsky ended in a prison cll at shchlisselburg, What he comitted Suicide Threeee YEARS LATER.

The suicides of the political prisoners of Shlisselburg and other prisons in tsarist Russia were not uncommon. There was an idea of ​​Mikhail Grachevsky that he tried to force the authorities to mitigate the prison regime and sacrificed the sake of his conclusion comrades. This article makes an attempt to establish the true cause of suicide. Grachevsky’s path to the revolution is considered, his personal qualities are analyzed.

Soon after the first arrest, Grachevsky adjoins the populists, is propaganda among the workers, for which he was arrested. Three -year conclusion in a single chamber, participation in the process of x. Sent to the Kholmogory of the Arkhangelsk province, he runs, and then joins the revolutionary organization "People’s Volya", is part of its executive committee.

Numerous arrests of people's volumes in the city By the time of the arrest of June 5, Grachevsky is one of the most experienced revolutionaries, he participated in several terrorist attacks, worked in underground printing houses, and propagated in the province. It is not surprising that such a responsible, dangerous work exhausted his nervous system. The future foreshadowed only the arrest and gallows, Grachevsky did not expect another for himself, but he was tormented by wine: the Narodovolets, apparently, inadvertently put the police into a conspiracy apartment, where many comrades were arrested.

Grachevsky finds himself in the stone bag of Shlisselburg, where he will commit suicide three years later. Previously, the issue of the causes of the suicide of Grachevsky is decided by the author in favor of the loss of reason due to the most difficult conditions of conclusion. Based on the official reports of the doctor and the caretaker of the prison and memoirs of the Shlisselburgians, the chronological picture of the state of the people of the people is restored.

Keywords: “People’s Volya”, Shlisselburg Complex, Single Conclusion, Political Prisoner, Suicide of Prisoners, Memoirs of Shlisselburgers. The Opinion that Mikhail Grachevsky Attempted to Force Mitigation of the Prison Regime and Sacrified Himself for the Sake of His Fellow Genelally Acsepted. Soon after HIS FIRST ArREST Grachevsky Joined the Narod-Niks, Led Propaganda Among the Workers, For Which He Was Arrested.

Three Years of Solitary Confinement, Participation in the Trial of Formed Him as a Revolutionary. The Future Promized Only Arrest and the Gallows, and Grachevsky Expected Nothing Else For Himself. When the caretaker and the guards broke into the cell, there was not a single chance to save the prisoner. Lyudmila Volker-Stein, which was contained at that time in the old prison, recalled: “Suddenly, a scream rang out-terrible, inhuman, but short.

Following this, the turmoil, the dull friction and the fluctuation of the wire led to the bell to the corridor to the Vakhmistra; The confusing voices of always silent on-duty non-commissioned officers and, finally, the smell of burning and smoke that penetrated the cells were heard. There were light moans, then hastily opened doors, the voices of the doctor and caretaker.

It was difficult to immediately make out what was the matter, but it was undoubtedly that something terrible happened to Grachevsky. The next day, they did not approach him with food. It was clear that he burned himself. After it turned out that he doused himself with kerosene. Obviously, after a few minutes died, since the weak moans lasted two or three minutes ”1. Grachevsky was not the only suicide of Shlisselburg: Mikhail Klimenko hanged himself, Sofya Gins Burg was stabbed with scissors, Ippolit Mouseshkin and Yegor Mina-Koks provoked their execution.

There were many crazy. And if Vasily Konashevich and Nikolai Pokhitonov lost their minds during the imprisonment, then Nikolai Shchedrin, apparently, was already brought to Shlisselburg mentally ill3. In the report of Count D.Tolstoy Emperor Alexander III noted that "the inclination of suicide is very often a consequence of the mental mood of the prisoners contained one by unconditional silence in prison and in the absence of any entertainment." Also, explaining suicides in prison, he complained about the inability to “have an inseparable, watching the prisoner,” which does not allow any cases of suicide 4.

By origin, the son of the clerk of the Saratov diocese, Mikhail Grachevsky received their original education at the Petrovsky Theological School, and then in the Saratov Theological Seven Nariy5. The revolutionary will indicate an important detail about this time of his life in his autobiographical testimonies: “I clearly remember what horror and indignation swept me when they told me, 1 Volkenstein L.

of prison memories. Leningrad, life in the Shlisselburg fortress. Grachevsky in the Russian liberation movement of GG. Saratov, I decided that death was not as terrible for me as a rod shame, and I am sure that, protecting himself from rod, I would not stop at anything. ” Obviously, not only determination, but also a sense of human dignity developed in it early6. The future revolutionary did not graduate from the seminary, deciding to become a national teacher.

He later said: “I was eager to benefit the peasants” 7. In this sense, Grachevsky was close to many young people of the X. He taught at the Kamyshinsky three-year German-Russian school for colonists, which he was forced to leave because of suspicions in an “anti-government direction” 8. After that, he worked as a clerk at the Gryaz-Tsari-Tsyn Railway.

Then, in the city, it was Dolgushinets Alexander Chikov. Grachevsky intends to start classes with workers, and Chikov promised to help with literature - send books. The package and letter with proclamations were intercepted by the police, the first arrest of Grachevsky, however, remained for him without consequences, occurred. In the city of Grachevsky, breaking his relationship with his family, he left for Petersburg, where he became close to some Tchaikovites, then worked in Moscow.

Narodnik Ivan Jabadari wrote about him: ". In one month, we proceeded with him all of Moscow along and across, and during these continuous walks he always struck me with his tirelessness; He was ready to remain hungry for the whole days, if only to acquire at least one new worker who is deliberately sympathetic to us ”9. Grachevsky also propagated among the workers of St.

Petersburg. For this activity, he was arrested in the city immediately after the detention, unsuccessfully tried to escape. The investigation went on for three years, the grandiose process of the X was prepared. According to the sentence, he was charged with the distribution of books of the criminal content of 6 shafts S. Autobiographical testimonies M.

Memories of X The convict was counted preliminary arrest. It is not surprising that it was then that Grachevsky finally switched to radical positions, formed as a revolutionary. Having been released at the beginning of G. But already in August, he was sent without a term to Kholmogory of the Arkhangelsk province. Comrade Dmitry Rudnev recalled that it was at this time that Grachevsky became clear: one propaganda is not enough, he needed an “open struggle with the government” another important bar to the portrait of Grachevsky: Leo Tikhomirov added that the exile “from the very first days had the idea of ​​escaping” after several unsuccessful attempts the revolutionary’s plan, and he was in St.

Petersburg. It is impossible not to note the freedom -loving nature of Grachevsky, on the account of which there were already several attempts to flee. In the capital, Grachevsky without hesitation joins the “popular will”, becomes a member of its executive committee. He participates in the preparation of attempts on Emperor Alexander II, the murder of the traitor Alexander Zharkov together with Andrei Presnyakov12, works in a dynamite workshop with Nikolai Kibalchich and Grigory Isaev, then leads an underground printing house on Podolskaya St.

Vera Figner wrote that “of all the large people's volumes to Grachevsky, perhaps, the name“ fanatic ”is most applied. It was a strong, original and at the same time closed into a sharply outlined channel. His iron will, once setting himself a goal, pursued her steadily, with perseverance, which bordered on stubbornness. He was never considered obstacles, did not recognize the possibility of a retreat after the murder of Alexander II on March 1 Grachevsky supports ties with the provincial people's circles.

From the memoirs of D. conspirators and police. The first days of the "people's will." Since the spring of G., almost three -year life in an illegal situation, forced to be wary and collected all the time, the leading role among the people of the people of St. Petersburg was not easy for the revolutionary. According to Alexander Problev, the owner of the dynamic workshop, Grachevsky then “was seriously ill; His hands were trembling at times, his face was covered with drops of sweat, sometimes, extremely tired, he seemed to fall into oblivion.

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