Richelieu biography briefly

Gedan engraving. Cardinal Richelieu is known for several generations of Russian readers thanks to Alexander Dumas’s book “Three Musketeers” and a later film of the same name, in which the remarkable artist Trofimov played the role of a cunning clergyman. The truth of the assessment of the political activity of Richelieu - in the mass consciousness and in official historiography - diverged radically.

The audience led by Dumas was hostile to the cardinal, and official historians, on the contrary, saw in him an objectively “progressive” political force, and in the person of the king - “reactionary”. True, these were Marxist historians. In order for readers of the chronos to compare different points of view, I give below several biography options - from the diplomatic dictionary edited by Vyshinsky, from the Soviet military and American encyclopedias, the Soviet historical encyclopedia and others.

He was awarded the title of Generalissimus. Since the year, he became a bishop in Luzon in Puatu. In the year he was elected a member of the General States from the clergy, which contributed to his political career. In years, the State Secretary for Military and Foreign Affairs. Richelieu policy was aimed at strengthening the absolutism and international situation of France.

In the interests of external expansion, a reorganization of the army was carried out, a military fleet was created, which contributed to the victory of France in the thirty -year war - years. In an effort to strengthen the royal power, he would decide, the fight against separatist groups, especially the Huguenots. At his direction, noble castles were bunched with the exception of border.

A supporter of absolutism, Richelieu brutally suppressed numerous popular uprisings. Under Richelieu, the French Academy, a number of lyceums, was reorganized by the Sorbonne were founded. In his “political testament”, he outlined the basic principles of the policy of French absolutism. The materials of the Soviet military encyclopedia in 8 volumes were used, the portrait of the work of F.

Paris, the Louvre. Cardinal from the year, the Duke-Par from the year. Seeking to strengthen absolutism, Richelle destroyed the political organization of the Huguenots; After the capture of La Rochelles and the southern fortresses, he deprived the Huguenots of the political rights granted to them by the Nantes Edict of the year, but left the freedom of religion and retained many privileges of the Hugueno bourgeoisie "The World of Mercy" of the year.

In the year, he suppressed the feudal rebellion in Langedok and executed the governor of the Duke Montmorance. By order of Richelle, the noble castles were blown up except the border. Richelia strengthened control over the governors of the provinces and greatly limited the rights of provincial states, parliaments, and accounting chambers, transferring the provincial administration of the intended to the government.

In foreign policy, the main task was the struggle with the Habsburgs, with whom he had first filed a “hidden” war, supporting their enemies of the German Protestant princes, Holland, Denmark, Sweden. In the year, France involved in the thirty -year war. The victories of France were facilitated by the creation of a navy under the Richelle and the reorganization of the army. Richelle expanded the territory of France due to the accession of Alsace and part of Lorraine.

In the field of the economy, he pursued a policy of mercantilism, expanded the French colonization of Canada, activated the activities of French trading companies in the Antilles, in San Domingo, Senegal, and Madagascar. To strengthen absolutism and expand foreign policy, Richelle extremely strengthened the tax oppression and brutally suppressed the numerous city uprisings of the 10ths, the uprising of crokans, the uprising of the "barefoot" of the year caused by him.

In his “political testament” “Testament, the internal and foreign policy of Richelle attracted the close attention of historians. Binding the triumph of absolutism with Richelle, some of them saw in Richelle the largest progressive figure O. Thierry, who considered Richelia a genius who cleared the path of the bourgeois society; Michele, who condemned Richelieo for the fight against the Huguenots, and others.

Some historians generally denied the leading political role of Richelle, for example, T. Mommzen, J. in the works of Soviet historians who evaluate Richelle as the largest figure in absolutism, his activity is considered in connection with the general problems of the history of French absolutism V. Biryukovich, A. Lublin, with the history of folk movements, B. Encyclopedias in 16 volumes.

In solving this task, R. thirty -year war, in which almost all the main European states were involved, contributed to the implementation of the intention of R. resistance of the court party and the struggle against the Guugenots for some time connected R.Considering that in order to achieve the goal, all funds are good, the first Minister of the Catholic Kingdom supported the German Protestant princes in their struggle against the emperor and Catholic princes.

For their help, Princes Protestants R. Agents R. in R. at the same time Holland waged war against Spain on French subsidies. When the German commander Wallenstein defeated the Danes, the closest assistant to R., the next success of R.'s policy at the same time R. B, when the warring parties were already weakened, R. against Spain began even earlier, and the agreement was concluded for France.

Spain lost Russillion, after the death of R. however, the relationship between France and England was not strong, i.e., England, the Stuarts did not then lead to a purposeful policy and came closer to Spain, then with France and its allies. For his part, R., R., although the first years of the French military operations in Germany were unsuccessful for them, R.'s diplomacy of the Westphalian and Pyrenee peace treaties concluded after the death of R.

Diplomatic Dictionary. Vyshinsky and S. Richelieu Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plesis -, French statesman. The son of Francois du Plessi, Senor de Richelieu, however, did not belong to the highest nobility, which nominated under Henry III and became the great Prevo, and Suzanne de la Port, the daughter of a member of the Paris Palace of the Higher Judicial Council.

Born September 9 in Paris or in the castle of Richelieu in the province of Poito. Until the age of 21, it was assumed that Arman, the youngest of the three brothers, would follow in the footsteps of his father and will become military and court. But the middle brother went to the monastery, abandoning the bishopric in Lucon 30 km north of La Rochelle, which was usually inherited by members of the Richelieu family.

The only thing that could maintain the family control over the diocese was the entry of a young Arman into a spiritual rank, which happened on April 17, the General States - Richelieu spent several years in Lucon. The opportunity to draw attention to itself when the General States was convened in Paris - a collection of estates, established in the Middle Ages and still occasionally gathered by the king for certain reasons.

The delegates were divided into the first estate of the clergy, the second estate of the secular aristocracy and the third estate of the bourgeois. The young bishop of Lucon was supposed to represent the clergy of the native province of Puatu. In the near future, Richelieu was noticed due to the agility and the cunning of compromises with other groups and eloquent protection of church privileges from the encroachments of secular authorities.

In February, he was even instructed to make a ceremonial speech on behalf of the first estate at the final session. The next time, the General States had to gather only years later, on the eve of the French Revolution. Richelieu's talents made the most impressed to Queen Mother Maria Medici, who was still actually ruled by France, although her son has already reached the age of majority.

He entered the Royal Council in Richelieu and took up the post of state secretary for military affairs and foreign policy. However, in Konchini he was killed by a group of "King's Friends". The inspirer of this action, the Duke de Luin, has now begun to play a leading role in court. Luin suggested Richelieu to stay in his post, but he decided to follow the queen-mother in Blois, seeing the best guarantees for the future in her location.

For seven years, some of which had to be carried out in exile, Richelieu conducted active correspondence with Maria Medici and Louis. During this time, he wrote two theological labor - the protection of the main provisions of the Catholic faith and instruction for Christians. Richelieu allowed Richelieu to join the queen-mother in the hope that he would have a peaceful effect on her.

In, as part of the king’s compromise with Maria, Richelieu was granted by Cardinal dignity. Finally, the king allowed his mother to return to Paris; Richelieu arrived there, to which Louis continued to treat with distrust. A few months later, in August, the current government collapsed, and at the insistence of Queen Mother Richelieu became the “first minister” of the king-the post at which he was destined to stay 18 years.